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Following EU–Libya discussions on irregular migration in early July 2025, there has been a spike in the arbitrary detention of migrants in an irregular status. On 27 July, western Libyan authorities detained approximately 1,500 undocumented migrant workers, mainly Egyptians and sub-Saharan Africans, after raiding a compound east of Tripoli. They lacked residency permits, passports, and health records and lived in makeshift housing that did not meet basic safety standards. On 20 July, eastern Libyan authorities deported 700 Sudanese migrants after detaining and denying them access to needed medical services. Up until April, Libya was hosting over 867,000 migrants, refugees, and asylum seekers. They face high protection needs, including arbitrary detention and deportation by security forces and exploitation by smugglers. Migrants aim to cross the central Mediterranean, one of the deadliest migration routes to Europe, with over 1,100 migrants dying in 2024 and nearly 2,000 in 2023. (TNA 27/07/2025, IM 02/07/2025, IM 21/07/2025)

The deteriorating socioeconomic situation in refugee camps, especially in Turkana and Garissa, has contributed to an increase in criminal activities, tension between refugees and host communities, and demonstrations over scarce resources. Protests turned violent when police clashed with protesters in Kalobeyei settlement (28 June) and Kakuma camp (29 July), where reduced food rations have significantly increased malnutrition, particularly among children, pregnant and lactating women, and people with chronic illnesses. Gender-based violence, including intimate partner violence and early marriage, is prevalent, heightened by economic pressures, overcrowding, and entrenched social norms. Water shortages and intermittent services in the camps have prompted internal relocations. Access to protection services, adequate shelter, and education is limited, with girls at increased risk of early marriage and boys more likely to engage in informal labour. In Dadaab’s Ifo and Dagahaley camps, dengue fever outbreaks have been linked to poor waste management, higher temperatures, and limited healthcare access. (ECHO 29/07/2025, Radio Ergo 22/07/2025, [USCRI 29/07/2025] (https://reliefweb.int/report/kenya/uscri-calls-immediate-action-refugees-face-man-made-starvation-crisis-kenya))

On 25 July 2025, the Ministry of Public Health officially declared a cholera outbreak in Dougui refugee camp in Ouaddai province (eastern Chad). Since 13 July, the camp has recorded 128 suspected cases and five deaths out of a population of 20,000. The outbreak is thought to be linked to the recent refugee influx from cholera-affected areas of Sudan. Lack of access to safe drinking water for camp residents and poor sanitation conditions, including open defecation and overflowing latrines, raise concerns about a larger outbreak. The start of the rainy season is likely to lead to flooding and heighten risks of waterborne diseases, which, alongside the arrival of refugees directly from cholera-affected areas in Sudan, could contribute to a further spread of the outbreak. The most urgent needs include access to safe drinking water, improved sanitation, and health services. (Govt. Chad 28/07/2025, RFI 30/07/2025, IMC 01/08/2025)